STUDY+GUIDES


 * APES Study Guide: Chapters 17 and 18**
 * Atmosphere, air pollution, climate change**


 * Describe the composition and structure of the atmosphere
 * Key gases
 * Layers and their characteristics
 * Distinguish weather and climate
 * What are the major drivers of the Earth’s weather?
 * Cold/warm fronts
 * Pressure systems
 * Temperature inversions
 * Convection cells
 * Coriolis effect
 * Seasons and their cause
 * Recognize the causes of air pollution
 * Natural causes
 * Anthropogenic
 * Distinguish primary from secondary pollutants; give examples
 * Know the six ``criteria pollutants’’
 * Major emitters
 * Their effects
 * Steps being taken to reduce their emissions
 * Which are primary, which secondary?
 * Identify some other air pollutants and toxic substances
 * Is air pollution getting better or worse?
 * Why?
 * What is Smog?
 * How produced?
 * Distinguish industrial smog from photochemical smog
 * Distinguish between stratospheric ozone and ground-level ozone
 * What caused the depletion of stratospheric ozone?
 * How has this problem been largely solved?
 * What is acid deposition?
 * Causes?
 * Effects?
 * What is indoor air pollution?
 * Major indoor air pollutants
 * Where is this a major problem
 * What is the Greenhouse Effect?
 * Why important to life on earth?
 * What are greenhouse gases?
 * Which ones are the most powerful? (measured in CO2 equivalents)
 * Where do greenhouse gases come from?
 * Know the main sources


 * Describe other influences on climate
 * Milankovitch cycles
 * Solar cycles
 * Oceanic circulation
 * El Nino
 * How is climate studied?
 * Ice cores
 * Tree rings
 * Sampling of CO2 directly (e.g., in Hawaii)
 * Pollen cores
 * What are possible consequences of global warming?
 * Sea level rise
 * Changing rainfall patterns and storm severity (ie, hurricanes)
 * Increase in insect-borne disease
 * What can be done about global warming?
 * Energy conservation
 * Public transportation
 * Carbon storage
 * Emissions trading
 * Carbon taxes


 * STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 5 AND 8**
 * EVOLUTION, POPULATION ECOLOGY, AND**
 * HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH**

Understand the following terms:

adaptation artificial selection natural selection birth rate death rate age structure biotic potential carrying capacity (K) exponential growth intrinsic rate of increase k-strategist logistic growth population community ecosystem population density population dispersion population size r-strategist survivorship curve density dependent density independent extinction ecotourism immigration emigration natural rate of population change limiting factors niche habitat sex ratio population pyramid demographic transition IPAT model Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation

1. Explain the process of natural selection; identify evidence.

2. Interpret a bell curve; describe how directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection will affect a population. (fig. 5.2)

3. Describe the process of allopatric speciation. List mechanisms of geographic separation. Explain how sympatric speciation might occur. (fig 5.5)

4. Interpret a phylogenetic tree (fig 5.6)

5. Identify and explain theories of mass extinction.

6. Identify and describe four major characteristics of populations.

7. Identify and describe three general patterns of population dispersion.

8. Explain the differences between exponential growth and logistic growth.

9. Describe density-independent population controls and density-dependent population controls and how each affect population growth.

10. Describe patterns of population growth (figs 5.15, 5.16, 5.17).

11. Describe the characteristics of r-selected species and give several examples.

12. Describe the characteristics of K-selected species and give several examples.

13. Identify and describe three generalized survivorship curves and give examples of each.

14. Be able to calculate population change and the annual rate of natural population change as expressed as a percentage.

15. Compare and contrast growth rates for developed and developing countries including the underlying crude birth and death rates.

16. Recall the Rule of 70 and be able to use it.

17. Describe the IPAT model and identify the factors in addition to population growth that contribute to environmental impact. Give an example of how you might use the model.

18. Identify disadvantages of continued population growth. Identify advantages of continued population growth.

19. Explain total fertility rate (TFR) and why replacement fertility is 2.1 for humans (and not 2).

20. Explain the Demographic Transition model (fig 8.14) and identify some countries at various stages today.

21. Identify and briefly describe factors that affect birth and fertility rates.

22. Identify and briefly describe factors that affect death rates.

23. Be able to read and interpret age structure diagrams.

24. Link generalized age structure diagrams to population growth rates and country types.

25. Identify ways in which economic development, family planning, economic rewards and penalties, and empowering women can act to reduce births.

26. Identify barriers to slowing population growth in China and success that this country has had in controlling its population.

27. Identify means governments are planning to reduce population growth and policies that have been successful in slowing population growth.

28. What will happen if the world’s population and industrial output continue to expand exponentially at 1990 rates with no major policy change?